Tuberculosis is a serious disease of the respiratory system. A study of by the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine published study results from researchers from Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Imperial College. BBC News reported the findings on news.bbc.co.uk.
The study was to evaluate the effect of Vitamin D and the body's immunity to mycobacteria, which is the family of bacteria that causes TB. During the study blood was taken from 131 participants and infected with mycobacteria. The study group was divided into two groups. One group was given a dummy pill and the second groups was given a 2.5 mg dose of Vitamin D..
After six weeks of supplementation, blood samples were again taken from the study participants. The second samples of blood were infected with the mycobacteria. The samples were analyzed after 24 hours.
The growth of the samples taken from the people who had taken Vitamin was 20% less than the group that took placebos.
These findings indicate that Vitamin D has the potential to help ward off the respiratory disease.
Vitamin D used to be given to TB patients in sanatoriums, before antibiotics came into use.
Researchers said that clinical trials would now be needed to fully prove the findings.
Tuberculosis (TB) rose by 3% last year, to over 8,000 new cases in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. London accounted for nearly half of the cases of TB. The large migrant population was identified as the primary source. TB is a major global problem.
According to Medline Plus (nlm.gov), Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection that is caused by a germ called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the lungs, but can also damage other parts of the body. TB is spread through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes or talks. People who have a weak immune system are more susceptible to the disease.
Symptoms of the respiratory infection include: a bad cough (3 weeks or longer), weight loss, coughing up blood or mucus, weakness, fatigue, fever, chills, night sweats.
If TB is no treated property, it can be deadly. TB can be treated by taking several medicines for a long period of time. The TB germ can be latent in the system.
According to lead researcher Dr. Adrian Martineau, "This shows that a simple, cheap supplement could make a significant impact on the health of people most at risk from the disease."
Vitamin D has also been linked to reducing the risk of cancer, diabetes and also strengthens the bones.
Known as "The Sunshine Vitamin" sunshine absorbed through the skin causes the body to manufacture Vitamin D. The The vitamin is added to drinks, such as mild and Orange juice. Vitamin D can also be taken in supplement form. The vitamin works along with Calcium to strengthen the bones and prevent fractures.
Vitamin D is found in dietary sources, such as fish, eggs, fortified mile and cod liver oil. Ten minutes of sun exposure is thought to be enough to prevent deficiencies. There are varying dosages of the vitamin recommended, depending upon individual needs. The upper limit for Vitamin D is 50 micrograms (2,000 IU) for adults. Based upon the new research and the benefits of the vitamin, many doctors are recommending 1,000 mg daily.
Information is not intended to substitute for medical advice. If you have a medical condition, consult a doctor.
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis: Managing TB Beyond Lung Infection
Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment
Tuberculosis (TB) has long been thought of as a condition of rarity, affecting only those who are placed in high risk categories. As a condition that is not routinely screened, individuals who suffer from TB are often surprised by the diagnosis and confused as to how it may have been acquired.
A complexity of tuberculosis is when the illness is expanded, affecting areas outside of the lungs. Referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis, this form of TB infects the lymph nodes and can affect the pleura and, eventually, any organ within the body. While commonly associated with patients who are infected with HIV, extrapulmonary TB can affect anyone at any age and is quite difficult to diagnose.
Joint inflammation, organ edema and the traditional signs of TB are to be expected when extrapulmonary tuberculosis is at issue. In most cases, the swelling of the lymph nodes will be most prevalent in and around the cervical region. Beyond the lymph nodes of the cervical region, the spinal column is most often affected next, with extrapulmonary TB patients complaining of arthritic type pain in the joints; most notably the thoracic region.
As extrapulmonary tuberculosis continues to make its way through the variety of body systems, the urological system, digestive system and central nervous system can all be affected. Even the cardiovascular system can be implicated and then, eventually, death may occur more rapidly.
If you suffer from complications traditionally associated with tuberculosis, it is not uncommon to seek medical attention immediately. However, when the complications of tuberculosis involve extrapulmonary tuberculosis, treatment may be delayed or accurate diagnosis may not come as quickly as necessary. For this reason, if you suffer from cervical lymph node irregularities, complications involving thoracic pain and even respiratory complications, ask your physician to make the necessary examination into extrapulmonary TB beyond that of traditional TB screening.
Additionally, if you've recently been treated for complications associated with Crohn's disease, or rheumatoid arthritis, and you've used medications such as Remicade or Enbrel, there may be a greater risk for developing extrapulmonary TB following treatment for these conditions. Again, ask your healthcare provider to conduct the appropriate screening with TB symptoms are present.
As with any health complications, whether you are living with HIV or not, it is important to seek medical attention early when the symptoms begin. Because extrapulmonary tuberculosis is not common, and quite difficult to diagnose, if you are an "at-risk" patient, by way of medication or environmental exposure, it is important to obtain screening when abnormal symptoms are present. In doing so, you can alleviate the long term complications of the GI system, central nervous system and implications extrapulmonary tuberculosis may have upon your muscles, joints and bones.
Tuberculosis (TB) has long been thought of as a condition of rarity, affecting only those who are placed in high risk categories. As a condition that is not routinely screened, individuals who suffer from TB are often surprised by the diagnosis and confused as to how it may have been acquired.
A complexity of tuberculosis is when the illness is expanded, affecting areas outside of the lungs. Referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis, this form of TB infects the lymph nodes and can affect the pleura and, eventually, any organ within the body. While commonly associated with patients who are infected with HIV, extrapulmonary TB can affect anyone at any age and is quite difficult to diagnose.
Joint inflammation, organ edema and the traditional signs of TB are to be expected when extrapulmonary tuberculosis is at issue. In most cases, the swelling of the lymph nodes will be most prevalent in and around the cervical region. Beyond the lymph nodes of the cervical region, the spinal column is most often affected next, with extrapulmonary TB patients complaining of arthritic type pain in the joints; most notably the thoracic region.
As extrapulmonary tuberculosis continues to make its way through the variety of body systems, the urological system, digestive system and central nervous system can all be affected. Even the cardiovascular system can be implicated and then, eventually, death may occur more rapidly.
If you suffer from complications traditionally associated with tuberculosis, it is not uncommon to seek medical attention immediately. However, when the complications of tuberculosis involve extrapulmonary tuberculosis, treatment may be delayed or accurate diagnosis may not come as quickly as necessary. For this reason, if you suffer from cervical lymph node irregularities, complications involving thoracic pain and even respiratory complications, ask your physician to make the necessary examination into extrapulmonary TB beyond that of traditional TB screening.
Additionally, if you've recently been treated for complications associated with Crohn's disease, or rheumatoid arthritis, and you've used medications such as Remicade or Enbrel, there may be a greater risk for developing extrapulmonary TB following treatment for these conditions. Again, ask your healthcare provider to conduct the appropriate screening with TB symptoms are present.
As with any health complications, whether you are living with HIV or not, it is important to seek medical attention early when the symptoms begin. Because extrapulmonary tuberculosis is not common, and quite difficult to diagnose, if you are an "at-risk" patient, by way of medication or environmental exposure, it is important to obtain screening when abnormal symptoms are present. In doing so, you can alleviate the long term complications of the GI system, central nervous system and implications extrapulmonary tuberculosis may have upon your muscles, joints and bones.
Herbs: Reduce Your Risk of Infection and Stimulate Your Immune System with Bee Propolis
IMPORTANT NOTE: ALWAYS READ THE ENTIRE LABEL TO MAKE SURE THE MEDICINAL HERBAL PRODUCT DOES NOT CONTAIN SOMETHING THAT YOU MAY BE ALLERGIC TO AND WON'T MIX WELL WITH OTHER MEDICATIONS YOU'RE TAKING.
Little known facts
Bees use propolis with beewax to create their hives. Propolis has a sweet smell. The resin-like substance is collected from tree buds and other plant-life. It's assumed that the bees seal cracks and joints of their hives to protect the colony from natural problems like rain.
The use of bee propolis is said to have been used back in the 1rst century A.D. Ancient Roman philosopher, Celsus wrote how much he valued propolis as a great medicinal product when he made a recipe for prepared poultices of resin. Manuscripts in the Islamic book of the Koran from 500 A.D. to 700 A.D. talks about bee propolis treating skin disorders and bronchial catarrh, and aiding in blood purification.
Russian scientists have proven that bee propolis helps to start the process called, phagocytosis that helps to destoy bacteria and improve white blood cells.
Bee propolis is known to be a great source of minerals, including iron, zinc and manganese.
True effects
When I took bee propolis, this one bruise I had on my leg was completely gone in the first two days. Of course, there was that yellow after effect, but that was also gone very soon. Propolis is said to be very effective in treating skin cancers, ulcers, and melanomas.
Since bee propolis is a natural and powerful antibiotic, this herbal medicine can help treat and cure infections, especially in the mouth and throat. Bee propolis will give the thyroid glands a booster; thereby, improving your immunities and resistance to infections.
Propolis will help in healing broken bones, and treating disorders of gums, throats and mouths.
Disorders, irritations, ailments, and bodily systems treated by Bee Propolis
Abscesses
Acne - This should be self-explanatory. But, in case you don't know what acne is exactly, I'll tell you. Acne or acne vulgaris is an inflammatory disease of the skin, made obvious by lesions commonly known as zits, pimples or spots.
Arteriosclerosis - A disease that affects blood vessels in which there is serious inflammation in the walls of certain arteries.
High blood pressure - This should be self-explanatory. But let's get into it for argument's sake. High blood pressure or hypertension is when the pressure in your blood in chronically elevated. This can lead to heart attacks, heart failure, and strokes.
Bruises - Blood vessels that have become damaged and clotted due to superficial lesions on the skin. But you can also get bruises in deeper areas of the body which are called a "contusion".
Burns - This should be self-explanatory.
Corns - Thickened skin that is commonly found on the feet, including on toes and between toes. If you find a wart on your foot, it's known as a seed corn.
Cystitis - Simply put, cystitis is an inflammation of your urinary bladder.
Duodenal ulcers - You can get ulcers just about anywhere on your body. Ulcers are open sores of the skin, eyes or mucous membranes. They can leave your skin looking like the surface of some dead, alien planet. It's really not something you'll ever want to see. Duodenal ulcers can be found on the first portion of the small intestine.
Dry eczema - It's a general term for cases of dry skin inflammation. If you have redness, oozing or crusted parts of your skin, you might just have some form of eczema. Bet you wanted to read all about eczema. I'm cruel, but I'm not that cruel.
Gastric ulcers - You can get ulcers just about anywhere on your body. Ulcers are open sores of the skin, eyes or mucous membranes. They can leave your skin looking like the surface of some dead, alien planet. It's really not something you'll ever want to see. Duodenal ulcers can be found on the first portion of the small intestine. Gastric ulcers are found in the area of the stomach.
Gum disorders - The gums or gingiva is the tissue that lays over the teeth. This tissue can be host to any number of diseases and deficiencies, including gingivitis (an inflammation of the gums).
Halitosis - Simply put, it's when you have bad breath which can be caused by bad hygiene or infection.
Herpes lesions - Also known as herpes simplex or even the Herpes simplex virus (HSV), this nasty disease can pop up on your genitals, your lips, just about anywhere on your body. You'll find fluid-filled blisters and sores on your skin. You'll experience prodromal systems just before the virus strikes and then, it'll become blatantly obvious that you've got herpes. It begins with irritation of the skin, and itching in the infected areas. Just hope you never catch it.
Immune system stimulant - Your immune system will help fight off viruses, infections and diseases trying to invade your body.
Mouth and throat infections
Migraine headaches - Simply put, a migraine is a recurrent, intense headache confined to one side of the head. Symptoms are nausea, vomiting and visual problems.
Mouth ulcers - You can get ulcers just about anywhere on your body. Ulcers are open sores of the skin, eyes or mucous membranes. They can leave your skin looking like the surface of some dead, alien planet. It's really not something you'll ever want to see. Duodenal ulcers can be found on the first portion of the small intestine. Gastric ulcers are found in the area of the stomach. Mouth ulcers are found in or around the mouth.
Pneumonia - This is a dangerous bug, caused by an inflammation of the lungs. This inflammation can be caused by any number of things, including viruses and bacteria. You can even get pneumonia by inhaling certain poisonous gases. Not that I'd ever advise you to inhale said gases.
Prostrate trouble - The prostrate gland is a gland similar in size and shape to a chestnut generally found in men. Disorders of the prostrate include hypertrophy or enlargement of the prostrate gland, and prostatitis or simply an inflammation of the prostrate.
Psoriasis - A disease in which the skin will become reddish and scaly - in small patches or large patches, Psoriasis is infectious and can spread to cover a great portion of the human body. This can be confused with leprosy. The skin appears sickly, but it's not as much lethal as it is a pain in the butt. Regardless, it's not something I would want growing over my body.
Respiratory ailments - If we're going to talk about respiratory ailments, we should probably clarify what the respiratory system is exactly. The respiratory system generally includes certain tubes and organs; such as, the bronchi (a tube that carries air to the lungs) and the diaphragm (pulls air in and pushes it out). Ailments include the obstructive conditions like bronchitis, restrictive conditions like fibrosis, and vascular diseases like pulmonary adema.
Shingles - Also known as Herpes zoster, shingles are reddish, painful blistered that appear in patches. They are a reactivation of the primary infection that causes chickenpox, varicella zoster virus. This condition can come straight from you spinal cord. Like psoriasis or ulcers, it's not something I would want to find on my skin.
Skin problems - This should be self-explanatory.
Stomach ulcers - You can get ulcers just about anywhere on your body. Ulcers are open sores of the skin, eyes or mucous membranes. They can leave your skin looking like the surface of some dead, alien planet. It's really not something you'll ever want to see. Duodenal ulcers can be found on the first portion of the small intestine. Gastric ulcers are found in the area of the stomach. Mouth ulcers are found in or around the mouth.
Throat
Bee propolis aides the healing of the throat by accelerating new cell growth.
Tonsilitis - Inflammation of the lymphoid tissue (tonsils) in the back of the mouth.
Ulcers - You can get ulcers just about anywhere on your body. Ulcers are open sores of the skin, eyes or mucous membranes. They can leave your skin looking like the surface of some dead, alien planet. It's really not something you'll ever want to see. Duodenal ulcers can be found on the first portion of the small intestine. Gastric ulcers are found in the area of the stomach. Mouth ulcers are found in or around the mouth.
Warts - There several kinds. One is a small, horny outgrowth on the skin, usually caused from a viral origin. Also, we're talking about a cauliflower or a solid blister forming somewhere on your body. Think of genital warts. Squirming yet? That's how I was feeling when I researched some of this stuff.
Herbal First Aide
No home should be without this recipe for an herbal first aide kit.
You must have Aloe Vera. The gel from the plant's leaves will help in relieving pain, and healing burns and cuts. Believe me, I know this works.
Also, you should have Arnica. Another healing gel that will take the blue out of bruises.
Take Calendula. When taken as a tea, this dry leaf will help clean cuts.
For indigestion, anxiety and insomnia, take some Chamomile in tea form.
You should most definitely take Echinachea if you want to treat the flu or the common cold.
Gingerroot is great for relaxing the stomach, killing nausea, and putting an end to motion sickness.
Keep a bottle of Witch Hazel handy to stop infections, and heal minor burns and rashes.
Online distributers
Little known facts
Bees use propolis with beewax to create their hives. Propolis has a sweet smell. The resin-like substance is collected from tree buds and other plant-life. It's assumed that the bees seal cracks and joints of their hives to protect the colony from natural problems like rain.
The use of bee propolis is said to have been used back in the 1rst century A.D. Ancient Roman philosopher, Celsus wrote how much he valued propolis as a great medicinal product when he made a recipe for prepared poultices of resin. Manuscripts in the Islamic book of the Koran from 500 A.D. to 700 A.D. talks about bee propolis treating skin disorders and bronchial catarrh, and aiding in blood purification.
Russian scientists have proven that bee propolis helps to start the process called, phagocytosis that helps to destoy bacteria and improve white blood cells.
Bee propolis is known to be a great source of minerals, including iron, zinc and manganese.
True effects
When I took bee propolis, this one bruise I had on my leg was completely gone in the first two days. Of course, there was that yellow after effect, but that was also gone very soon. Propolis is said to be very effective in treating skin cancers, ulcers, and melanomas.
Since bee propolis is a natural and powerful antibiotic, this herbal medicine can help treat and cure infections, especially in the mouth and throat. Bee propolis will give the thyroid glands a booster; thereby, improving your immunities and resistance to infections.
Propolis will help in healing broken bones, and treating disorders of gums, throats and mouths.
Disorders, irritations, ailments, and bodily systems treated by Bee Propolis
Abscesses
Acne - This should be self-explanatory. But, in case you don't know what acne is exactly, I'll tell you. Acne or acne vulgaris is an inflammatory disease of the skin, made obvious by lesions commonly known as zits, pimples or spots.
Arteriosclerosis - A disease that affects blood vessels in which there is serious inflammation in the walls of certain arteries.
High blood pressure - This should be self-explanatory. But let's get into it for argument's sake. High blood pressure or hypertension is when the pressure in your blood in chronically elevated. This can lead to heart attacks, heart failure, and strokes.
Bruises - Blood vessels that have become damaged and clotted due to superficial lesions on the skin. But you can also get bruises in deeper areas of the body which are called a "contusion".
Burns - This should be self-explanatory.
Corns - Thickened skin that is commonly found on the feet, including on toes and between toes. If you find a wart on your foot, it's known as a seed corn.
Cystitis - Simply put, cystitis is an inflammation of your urinary bladder.
Duodenal ulcers - You can get ulcers just about anywhere on your body. Ulcers are open sores of the skin, eyes or mucous membranes. They can leave your skin looking like the surface of some dead, alien planet. It's really not something you'll ever want to see. Duodenal ulcers can be found on the first portion of the small intestine.
Dry eczema - It's a general term for cases of dry skin inflammation. If you have redness, oozing or crusted parts of your skin, you might just have some form of eczema. Bet you wanted to read all about eczema. I'm cruel, but I'm not that cruel.
Gastric ulcers - You can get ulcers just about anywhere on your body. Ulcers are open sores of the skin, eyes or mucous membranes. They can leave your skin looking like the surface of some dead, alien planet. It's really not something you'll ever want to see. Duodenal ulcers can be found on the first portion of the small intestine. Gastric ulcers are found in the area of the stomach.
Gum disorders - The gums or gingiva is the tissue that lays over the teeth. This tissue can be host to any number of diseases and deficiencies, including gingivitis (an inflammation of the gums).
Halitosis - Simply put, it's when you have bad breath which can be caused by bad hygiene or infection.
Herpes lesions - Also known as herpes simplex or even the Herpes simplex virus (HSV), this nasty disease can pop up on your genitals, your lips, just about anywhere on your body. You'll find fluid-filled blisters and sores on your skin. You'll experience prodromal systems just before the virus strikes and then, it'll become blatantly obvious that you've got herpes. It begins with irritation of the skin, and itching in the infected areas. Just hope you never catch it.
Immune system stimulant - Your immune system will help fight off viruses, infections and diseases trying to invade your body.
Mouth and throat infections
Migraine headaches - Simply put, a migraine is a recurrent, intense headache confined to one side of the head. Symptoms are nausea, vomiting and visual problems.
Mouth ulcers - You can get ulcers just about anywhere on your body. Ulcers are open sores of the skin, eyes or mucous membranes. They can leave your skin looking like the surface of some dead, alien planet. It's really not something you'll ever want to see. Duodenal ulcers can be found on the first portion of the small intestine. Gastric ulcers are found in the area of the stomach. Mouth ulcers are found in or around the mouth.
Pneumonia - This is a dangerous bug, caused by an inflammation of the lungs. This inflammation can be caused by any number of things, including viruses and bacteria. You can even get pneumonia by inhaling certain poisonous gases. Not that I'd ever advise you to inhale said gases.
Prostrate trouble - The prostrate gland is a gland similar in size and shape to a chestnut generally found in men. Disorders of the prostrate include hypertrophy or enlargement of the prostrate gland, and prostatitis or simply an inflammation of the prostrate.
Psoriasis - A disease in which the skin will become reddish and scaly - in small patches or large patches, Psoriasis is infectious and can spread to cover a great portion of the human body. This can be confused with leprosy. The skin appears sickly, but it's not as much lethal as it is a pain in the butt. Regardless, it's not something I would want growing over my body.
Respiratory ailments - If we're going to talk about respiratory ailments, we should probably clarify what the respiratory system is exactly. The respiratory system generally includes certain tubes and organs; such as, the bronchi (a tube that carries air to the lungs) and the diaphragm (pulls air in and pushes it out). Ailments include the obstructive conditions like bronchitis, restrictive conditions like fibrosis, and vascular diseases like pulmonary adema.
Shingles - Also known as Herpes zoster, shingles are reddish, painful blistered that appear in patches. They are a reactivation of the primary infection that causes chickenpox, varicella zoster virus. This condition can come straight from you spinal cord. Like psoriasis or ulcers, it's not something I would want to find on my skin.
Skin problems - This should be self-explanatory.
Stomach ulcers - You can get ulcers just about anywhere on your body. Ulcers are open sores of the skin, eyes or mucous membranes. They can leave your skin looking like the surface of some dead, alien planet. It's really not something you'll ever want to see. Duodenal ulcers can be found on the first portion of the small intestine. Gastric ulcers are found in the area of the stomach. Mouth ulcers are found in or around the mouth.
Throat
Bee propolis aides the healing of the throat by accelerating new cell growth.
Tonsilitis - Inflammation of the lymphoid tissue (tonsils) in the back of the mouth.
Ulcers - You can get ulcers just about anywhere on your body. Ulcers are open sores of the skin, eyes or mucous membranes. They can leave your skin looking like the surface of some dead, alien planet. It's really not something you'll ever want to see. Duodenal ulcers can be found on the first portion of the small intestine. Gastric ulcers are found in the area of the stomach. Mouth ulcers are found in or around the mouth.
Warts - There several kinds. One is a small, horny outgrowth on the skin, usually caused from a viral origin. Also, we're talking about a cauliflower or a solid blister forming somewhere on your body. Think of genital warts. Squirming yet? That's how I was feeling when I researched some of this stuff.
Herbal First Aide
No home should be without this recipe for an herbal first aide kit.
You must have Aloe Vera. The gel from the plant's leaves will help in relieving pain, and healing burns and cuts. Believe me, I know this works.
Also, you should have Arnica. Another healing gel that will take the blue out of bruises.
Take Calendula. When taken as a tea, this dry leaf will help clean cuts.
For indigestion, anxiety and insomnia, take some Chamomile in tea form.
You should most definitely take Echinachea if you want to treat the flu or the common cold.
Gingerroot is great for relaxing the stomach, killing nausea, and putting an end to motion sickness.
Keep a bottle of Witch Hazel handy to stop infections, and heal minor burns and rashes.
Online distributers
Whooping Cough Outbreak Hits Southern Maine
According to a recently published maine.gov press release, the Maine Center of Disease Control has announced that it is currently investigating and working on controlling a whopping cough outbreak in Portland, Maine and the surrounding northern suburbs of the city.
Dr. Dora Anne Mills, Director of the Maine CDC said, "Whooping cough, which is also called Pertussis, is a respiratory infection that can cause a persistent, severe cough, especially in infants."
Just earlier this week, the Maine CDC was notified that a young infant was hospitalized in Portland and diagnosed with Whooping cough. An investigation ended up revealing that there were 10 others who had whopping cough symptoms and needed treatment for the serious infection.
The Maine CDC found out that most of the patients were children and some were even unvaccinated. Also involved with the small outbreak are four schools, a daycare, and two sports teams. Within those groups, the Maine CDC has advised 80 additional people to seek antibiotics to prevent getting whooping cough.
Mills said, "We have been in close contact with the school nurses, day care provider and team coaches to make sure that all affected parents and children are appropriately notified. We are sending notices home to parents of these schools, sports teams and day cares to provide those parents with guidance and to answer their questions."
Currently, the Health and Environmental Testing Laboratory is conducting tests on dozens of people to make sure they don't have the infection. As always, the Maine CDC is pushing to make sure all children are vaccinated, especially in the Portland area after the outbreak.
Mills added, "This cluster is a reminder for all parents to make sure our children's vaccines are updated," Mills said. "By a child's second birthday, they should have received four vaccines protecting against Pertussis, a booster between ages 4-6 and another booster after age 11."
Whooping cough is a respiratory disease caused by bacteria. It starts out with cold like symptoms, but gets worse and eventually turns into a painful and deep cough with a "whoop"-like inhalation. The best way to protect children from whooping cough is to make sure they are vaccinated. Whooping cough can easily be caught by unvaccinated older children carrying the infection. Infants are at the highest risk of catching the dangerous infection.
Those with symptoms of whooping cough or concerns about Pertussis should contact their local health care provider. Additional information is available at: http://www.mainepublichealth.gov and http://www.cdc.gov.
Dr. Dora Anne Mills, Director of the Maine CDC said, "Whooping cough, which is also called Pertussis, is a respiratory infection that can cause a persistent, severe cough, especially in infants."
Just earlier this week, the Maine CDC was notified that a young infant was hospitalized in Portland and diagnosed with Whooping cough. An investigation ended up revealing that there were 10 others who had whopping cough symptoms and needed treatment for the serious infection.
The Maine CDC found out that most of the patients were children and some were even unvaccinated. Also involved with the small outbreak are four schools, a daycare, and two sports teams. Within those groups, the Maine CDC has advised 80 additional people to seek antibiotics to prevent getting whooping cough.
Mills said, "We have been in close contact with the school nurses, day care provider and team coaches to make sure that all affected parents and children are appropriately notified. We are sending notices home to parents of these schools, sports teams and day cares to provide those parents with guidance and to answer their questions."
Currently, the Health and Environmental Testing Laboratory is conducting tests on dozens of people to make sure they don't have the infection. As always, the Maine CDC is pushing to make sure all children are vaccinated, especially in the Portland area after the outbreak.
Mills added, "This cluster is a reminder for all parents to make sure our children's vaccines are updated," Mills said. "By a child's second birthday, they should have received four vaccines protecting against Pertussis, a booster between ages 4-6 and another booster after age 11."
Whooping cough is a respiratory disease caused by bacteria. It starts out with cold like symptoms, but gets worse and eventually turns into a painful and deep cough with a "whoop"-like inhalation. The best way to protect children from whooping cough is to make sure they are vaccinated. Whooping cough can easily be caught by unvaccinated older children carrying the infection. Infants are at the highest risk of catching the dangerous infection.
Those with symptoms of whooping cough or concerns about Pertussis should contact their local health care provider. Additional information is available at: http://www.mainepublichealth.gov and http://www.cdc.gov.
Symptoms and Treatment of Kennel Cough in Dogs
Kennel cough (infectious tracheobronchitis) in canines is a highly contagious respiratory infection similar to a cold in humans. It can be caused by a variety of viruses or bacteria, but the most common culprits are Adenovirus, Parainfluenza virus, Canine Distemper Virus and the Bordetella bronchiseptica bacterium. Like the human cold kennel cough symptoms can range from very mild to severe, although life-threatening cases are unusual.
The illness is spread when an infected dog coughs and a susceptible dog inhales the airborne microorganisms. The incubation period is from three to ten days after the initial exposure. The symptoms may last a few days or several weeks. Puppies, young dogs and dogs with insufficient immune systems are at greatest risk.
Kennel cough is usually transmitted by infected dogs who associate with other groups of dogs in enclosed areas such as boarding kennels, indoor dogs shows, grooming salons, veterinarians' offices and animals shelters. Even the cleanest and best-kept kennels may have outbreaks. Dogs may have mild symptoms that are undetected, or may spread the illness for several days after they seem to have recovered. The illness may also be picked up by coming in contact with one other infected dog, perhaps the neighbors' dog.
The first sign is a dry, high-pitched, hacking cough that sounds as if the dog has something stuck in his throat. He may cough every few minutes throughout the day and produce a foamy white discharge. Other symptoms may vary in severity and include eye inflammation, a runny nose, difficulty breathing, fever, lethargy and loss of appetite. In very mild cases the dog may have no other symptoms and may eat and play normally. It is normal for dogs to cough occasionally, but a cough that is persistent and does not clear up within a week or so should be evaluated by a veterinarian to make sure pneumonia has not set in. Other illnesses may cause similar symptoms, and the vet may have to run diagnostic tests that rule out other conditions including objects lodged in the windpipe, parasitic infestations, tonsillitis, fungal infections of the lungs, tumors of the lungs or windpipe and allergic or chronic bronchitis.
Like the human cold symptoms often subside gradually without treatment. In more serious cases the dog may be given a cough suppressant, but never give your dog OTC human cough medicines without consulting your vet first. The veterinarian may take a chest x-ray to determine if pneumonia is present and prescribe an antibiotic for secondary infection if necessary. Home care for kennel cough is similar to care for a human respiratory infection. Exertion may bring on a fit of coughing, so keep his exercise limited. Be sure the dog drinks plenty of water and put him on a diet of soft food if hard food seems to irritate his throat. Keep the patient warm and dry and avoid exposure to dust, chemical fumes, cigarette smoke and other pollutants. Use a humidifier to add moisture to the air in his environment. Avoid contact with other dogs during his illness and for at least a week after his apparent recovery to avoid spreading the disease. Once the dog has recovered he will have immunity to subsequent exposures of the infective organism.
Vaccinations may offer some protection but are not 100% effective because of the wide variety of organisms that can produce kennel cough. Commercial kennel cough vaccines only contain the Bordatella agent. Routine yearly vaccinations usually include Canine Distemper Virus, Parainfluenza and Adenovirus agents. If your dog is not around other dogs often, the need for vaccination is not great, but owners who board their dogs or compete in shows may want to protect their dogs from kennel cough. Vaccinations should be given at least two weeks prior to potential exposure to give the dog's immune system adequate time to build up resistance.
The illness is spread when an infected dog coughs and a susceptible dog inhales the airborne microorganisms. The incubation period is from three to ten days after the initial exposure. The symptoms may last a few days or several weeks. Puppies, young dogs and dogs with insufficient immune systems are at greatest risk.
Kennel cough is usually transmitted by infected dogs who associate with other groups of dogs in enclosed areas such as boarding kennels, indoor dogs shows, grooming salons, veterinarians' offices and animals shelters. Even the cleanest and best-kept kennels may have outbreaks. Dogs may have mild symptoms that are undetected, or may spread the illness for several days after they seem to have recovered. The illness may also be picked up by coming in contact with one other infected dog, perhaps the neighbors' dog.
The first sign is a dry, high-pitched, hacking cough that sounds as if the dog has something stuck in his throat. He may cough every few minutes throughout the day and produce a foamy white discharge. Other symptoms may vary in severity and include eye inflammation, a runny nose, difficulty breathing, fever, lethargy and loss of appetite. In very mild cases the dog may have no other symptoms and may eat and play normally. It is normal for dogs to cough occasionally, but a cough that is persistent and does not clear up within a week or so should be evaluated by a veterinarian to make sure pneumonia has not set in. Other illnesses may cause similar symptoms, and the vet may have to run diagnostic tests that rule out other conditions including objects lodged in the windpipe, parasitic infestations, tonsillitis, fungal infections of the lungs, tumors of the lungs or windpipe and allergic or chronic bronchitis.
Like the human cold symptoms often subside gradually without treatment. In more serious cases the dog may be given a cough suppressant, but never give your dog OTC human cough medicines without consulting your vet first. The veterinarian may take a chest x-ray to determine if pneumonia is present and prescribe an antibiotic for secondary infection if necessary. Home care for kennel cough is similar to care for a human respiratory infection. Exertion may bring on a fit of coughing, so keep his exercise limited. Be sure the dog drinks plenty of water and put him on a diet of soft food if hard food seems to irritate his throat. Keep the patient warm and dry and avoid exposure to dust, chemical fumes, cigarette smoke and other pollutants. Use a humidifier to add moisture to the air in his environment. Avoid contact with other dogs during his illness and for at least a week after his apparent recovery to avoid spreading the disease. Once the dog has recovered he will have immunity to subsequent exposures of the infective organism.
Vaccinations may offer some protection but are not 100% effective because of the wide variety of organisms that can produce kennel cough. Commercial kennel cough vaccines only contain the Bordatella agent. Routine yearly vaccinations usually include Canine Distemper Virus, Parainfluenza and Adenovirus agents. If your dog is not around other dogs often, the need for vaccination is not great, but owners who board their dogs or compete in shows may want to protect their dogs from kennel cough. Vaccinations should be given at least two weeks prior to potential exposure to give the dog's immune system adequate time to build up resistance.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) in Babies
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a common viral infection that affects a young child’s breathing. It is estimated that nearly all children will have contracted the virus by three years of age. For many, there are either no symptoms or just symptoms of a mild cold. However, for very young and premature babies, RSV can be extremely dangerous, maybe even fatal.
RSV is likely to occur during the fall and winter months. Premature newborns and babies under six months old are especially vulnerable, so it is wise to minimize possible exposure. Keep all newborns away from germs as much as possible. This includes keeping them away from groups of people (especially toddlers) for extended periods. Children in daycare are especially at risk.
The symptoms of RSV are often like that of a cold; so much that many parents are unaware their children even have it. Other, more severe symptoms of RSV include: rapid breathing (more than 60 breaths a minute), difficulty breathing, refusal to feed, wheezing, high fever, and bluish nails and/or lips (from lack of oxygen). See a doctor immediately if baby is exhibiting these symptoms.
It is estimated that up to 125,000 American babies are hospitalized each year with this virus. RSV is responsible for approximately 500 infant deaths a year in the US alone. That is why many organizations are trying to raise awareness about the condition, especially during the high-risk, winter months. If you have a premature, or otherwise at-risk baby, they may be put on preventative medication because of the fatality rate.
While older children experience RSV with little or no problems, younger babies aren’t always so lucky. Adults have similar symptoms of the older children and may not even realize they have contracted it, either. If you have a young baby and are concerned about the dangers of RSV, consult your pediatrician for further preventative information.
RSV is likely to occur during the fall and winter months. Premature newborns and babies under six months old are especially vulnerable, so it is wise to minimize possible exposure. Keep all newborns away from germs as much as possible. This includes keeping them away from groups of people (especially toddlers) for extended periods. Children in daycare are especially at risk.
The symptoms of RSV are often like that of a cold; so much that many parents are unaware their children even have it. Other, more severe symptoms of RSV include: rapid breathing (more than 60 breaths a minute), difficulty breathing, refusal to feed, wheezing, high fever, and bluish nails and/or lips (from lack of oxygen). See a doctor immediately if baby is exhibiting these symptoms.
It is estimated that up to 125,000 American babies are hospitalized each year with this virus. RSV is responsible for approximately 500 infant deaths a year in the US alone. That is why many organizations are trying to raise awareness about the condition, especially during the high-risk, winter months. If you have a premature, or otherwise at-risk baby, they may be put on preventative medication because of the fatality rate.
While older children experience RSV with little or no problems, younger babies aren’t always so lucky. Adults have similar symptoms of the older children and may not even realize they have contracted it, either. If you have a young baby and are concerned about the dangers of RSV, consult your pediatrician for further preventative information.
What You Should Know About Meningitis
What is meningitis?
Meningitis is caused by an infection in the cerebral spinal fluid, that causes inflammation of the meniges (the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord). Meningitis is less common now in young children due to the vaccines available to inoculate them for preschool. Prior to the vaccination of preschoolers, meningitis was most prevalent in children under the age of 5. But now the incidence of meningitis is higher in young adults between the ages of 15 and 24.
Meningitis is caused by fungal, bacterial and viral infections. The bacterial form of meningitis is the most serious of all. There is no way to know what form of meningitis is present until a sample of cerebral spinal fluid is obtained from a spinal tap and examined to determine the organism responsible for the infection.
What are the signs and symptoms of meningitis?
The early signs and symptoms of meningitis may resemble the flu. As more symptoms occur, it is evident that medical help is necessary. The sighns and symptoms of meningitis include:
.Severe headache, with or without nausea and vomiting
High fever
Inability to concentrate
Confusion, disorientation
Inability to hold eye contact-in young children
Sleepiness, may have difficulty in waking up
Sensitivity to light-photophobia
Seizures
Stiff neck
Decreased interest in eating and drinking
Skin rash-in viral and bacterial forms of meningitis
Leg pain
Cold hands and feet
Pallor-pale skin
These symptoms may not be present in infants and newborns. Babies may be cranky, irritable, extremely sleepy and may not way to eat. The soft spot on the top of the baby's head may be bulging. Bacterial meningitis in infants and young children is the most serious form of the infection, and if it is not treated quickly, it can lead to brain damage and death in just a few days.
What causes meningitis?
Meningitis is most commonly caused by a viral infection, but it could also be caused from a bacterial or fungal infection. The bacterial infection is the most serious of all, which is why early diagnosis and treatment is necessary. The most common of the bacterial forms of meningitis are:
Pneumococcus-the most common cause of meningitis in infants, usually associated with an ear infection.
Meningococcus-most common form of meningitis in students and military personnel that live in close quarters, such as those that live in dormitories. The bacteria enters the blood stream from a respiratory infection.
Haemophilus-this form is less common now since the Haemophilus influenzae vaccine. When this form of meningitis occurs, it follows the upper respiratory tract through an ear or sinus infection. Prior to 1990, this was the most common form of meningitis.
Listeria-this form of meningitis has many causes because the bacteria is common to soil, pets, in contaminated food, as in lunch meats, hot dogs and soft cheeses. Most people that are exposed to Listeria don't get sick because our immune systems take care of it; however pregnant women, infants and older adults are the most vulnerable to the organism. A pregnant woman that becomes infected may deliver a stillborn baby.
What are other forms of meningitis?
Viral meningitis-clears up in about 10 days and is usually mild. It is caused by viruses that cause the flu, mumps, herpes and west nile. The signs and symptoms include severe headache, sore throat and joint pain.
Chronic meningitis-this is a very rare type of meningitis. This type is different than the acute form because the organism is slow growing and takes up to 4 weeks to develop symptoms. The signs and symptoms include headache, nausea, vomiting, and mental cloudiness.
Fungal meningitis-most commonly associated with AIDS, and is always life threatening.
Non-infectious meningitis-mostly associated with drug allergies, lupus and some types of cancer.
Who is a risk for meningitis?
Very young children and young adults are more at risk to develop meningitis than the rest of the population. Students and military personnel that live in dorms are at risk to develop meningococcal meningitis, which spreads very quickly in a highly populated area. Pregnant women are at risk for listerial meningitis, which can cause stillbirth. People who work with animals, including dairy farmers are also at risk. People who have an impaired immune system from the used of immunosuppressant drugs, diabetes, AIDS and thosse that have had their spleen removed are also at risk.
Should you or your child develop symptoms of meningitis (fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea and or vomiting) get medical help right away. Viral meningitis may go away on its own after 8 to 10 days, but bacterial meningitis can present very quickly and be much more serious.
How is meningitis diagnosed?
Your doctor will make his/her diagnosis after doing a history and physical. He/she will also order some diagnostic tests that may include a throat culture. The throat culture will not diagnose meningitis, but it will identify the organism that causes colds, throat and or sinus infections, which can lead to the onset of meningitis.
X-rays and CT scans can show swelling and inflammation of the head and chest, which may indicate the presence of an infection that may be associated with meningitis. A spinal tap is done to determine the presence of an infection within the cerebral spinal fluid, and the examination will determine the exact organism causing the infection.
How is meningitis treated?
After diagnosis, the treatment should begin right away. The longer you have the disease before treatment begins, puts you or your child at risk for deafness, blindness, paralysis, and other serious problems. A broad spectrum antibiotic is the drug of choice to resolve bacterial meningitis. Treatments may be necessary to combat swelling, seizure activity, shock and dehydration, if these conditions occur.
Viral meningitis usually goes away on its own, but antiviral medications may be administered if necessary. Viral meningitis is usually treated by bed rest, over the counter medications, and increased fluid intake.
Meningitis is commonly caused by the bacteria and viruses that are passed through coughing, sneezing, as well as kissing, or sharing eating utensils, and toothbrushes. Be sure to cover your mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. Teach your children to do the same. Practice good hand washing techniques under running water. Cook food thoroughly, and don't share any personal items. If you smoke, don't even share a cigarette.
Meningitis is caused by an infection in the cerebral spinal fluid, that causes inflammation of the meniges (the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord). Meningitis is less common now in young children due to the vaccines available to inoculate them for preschool. Prior to the vaccination of preschoolers, meningitis was most prevalent in children under the age of 5. But now the incidence of meningitis is higher in young adults between the ages of 15 and 24.
Meningitis is caused by fungal, bacterial and viral infections. The bacterial form of meningitis is the most serious of all. There is no way to know what form of meningitis is present until a sample of cerebral spinal fluid is obtained from a spinal tap and examined to determine the organism responsible for the infection.
What are the signs and symptoms of meningitis?
The early signs and symptoms of meningitis may resemble the flu. As more symptoms occur, it is evident that medical help is necessary. The sighns and symptoms of meningitis include:
.Severe headache, with or without nausea and vomiting
High fever
Inability to concentrate
Confusion, disorientation
Inability to hold eye contact-in young children
Sleepiness, may have difficulty in waking up
Sensitivity to light-photophobia
Seizures
Stiff neck
Decreased interest in eating and drinking
Skin rash-in viral and bacterial forms of meningitis
Leg pain
Cold hands and feet
Pallor-pale skin
These symptoms may not be present in infants and newborns. Babies may be cranky, irritable, extremely sleepy and may not way to eat. The soft spot on the top of the baby's head may be bulging. Bacterial meningitis in infants and young children is the most serious form of the infection, and if it is not treated quickly, it can lead to brain damage and death in just a few days.
What causes meningitis?
Meningitis is most commonly caused by a viral infection, but it could also be caused from a bacterial or fungal infection. The bacterial infection is the most serious of all, which is why early diagnosis and treatment is necessary. The most common of the bacterial forms of meningitis are:
Pneumococcus-the most common cause of meningitis in infants, usually associated with an ear infection.
Meningococcus-most common form of meningitis in students and military personnel that live in close quarters, such as those that live in dormitories. The bacteria enters the blood stream from a respiratory infection.
Haemophilus-this form is less common now since the Haemophilus influenzae vaccine. When this form of meningitis occurs, it follows the upper respiratory tract through an ear or sinus infection. Prior to 1990, this was the most common form of meningitis.
Listeria-this form of meningitis has many causes because the bacteria is common to soil, pets, in contaminated food, as in lunch meats, hot dogs and soft cheeses. Most people that are exposed to Listeria don't get sick because our immune systems take care of it; however pregnant women, infants and older adults are the most vulnerable to the organism. A pregnant woman that becomes infected may deliver a stillborn baby.
What are other forms of meningitis?
Viral meningitis-clears up in about 10 days and is usually mild. It is caused by viruses that cause the flu, mumps, herpes and west nile. The signs and symptoms include severe headache, sore throat and joint pain.
Chronic meningitis-this is a very rare type of meningitis. This type is different than the acute form because the organism is slow growing and takes up to 4 weeks to develop symptoms. The signs and symptoms include headache, nausea, vomiting, and mental cloudiness.
Fungal meningitis-most commonly associated with AIDS, and is always life threatening.
Non-infectious meningitis-mostly associated with drug allergies, lupus and some types of cancer.
Who is a risk for meningitis?
Very young children and young adults are more at risk to develop meningitis than the rest of the population. Students and military personnel that live in dorms are at risk to develop meningococcal meningitis, which spreads very quickly in a highly populated area. Pregnant women are at risk for listerial meningitis, which can cause stillbirth. People who work with animals, including dairy farmers are also at risk. People who have an impaired immune system from the used of immunosuppressant drugs, diabetes, AIDS and thosse that have had their spleen removed are also at risk.
Should you or your child develop symptoms of meningitis (fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea and or vomiting) get medical help right away. Viral meningitis may go away on its own after 8 to 10 days, but bacterial meningitis can present very quickly and be much more serious.
How is meningitis diagnosed?
Your doctor will make his/her diagnosis after doing a history and physical. He/she will also order some diagnostic tests that may include a throat culture. The throat culture will not diagnose meningitis, but it will identify the organism that causes colds, throat and or sinus infections, which can lead to the onset of meningitis.
X-rays and CT scans can show swelling and inflammation of the head and chest, which may indicate the presence of an infection that may be associated with meningitis. A spinal tap is done to determine the presence of an infection within the cerebral spinal fluid, and the examination will determine the exact organism causing the infection.
How is meningitis treated?
After diagnosis, the treatment should begin right away. The longer you have the disease before treatment begins, puts you or your child at risk for deafness, blindness, paralysis, and other serious problems. A broad spectrum antibiotic is the drug of choice to resolve bacterial meningitis. Treatments may be necessary to combat swelling, seizure activity, shock and dehydration, if these conditions occur.
Viral meningitis usually goes away on its own, but antiviral medications may be administered if necessary. Viral meningitis is usually treated by bed rest, over the counter medications, and increased fluid intake.
Meningitis is commonly caused by the bacteria and viruses that are passed through coughing, sneezing, as well as kissing, or sharing eating utensils, and toothbrushes. Be sure to cover your mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. Teach your children to do the same. Practice good hand washing techniques under running water. Cook food thoroughly, and don't share any personal items. If you smoke, don't even share a cigarette.
Ascariasis: An Extremely Common Parasitic Infection
Imagine a disease that affects a large percentage of the world's population. It does exist. Perhaps you are thinking of HIV/AIDS or cancer. It is neither of these. It is a disease called ascariasis. Ascariasis affects a huge number of people worldwide. In fact, it is estimated that as many as one-quarter of the world's population is affected by the disease. However, not many people are even aware of the disease. So what exactly is ascariasis?
Ascariasis is an intestinal infection caused by the parasitic roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. Ascaris lumbricoides causes infections in humans after direct or indirect contact with contaminated soil or through ingestion. Infections occur once the fertilized eggs hatch in their host. The larvae then burrow through the intestine, travel to the liver, and finally to the respiratory system. They are eventually reswallowed and mature in the intestine. They can grow to be quite large, sometimes more than a foot in length. In fact, Ascaris lumbricoides is the largest roundworm that affects humans. The worms can live for nearly two years. The female worms produce more than 200,000 eggs per day. Once the fertilized eggs are shed, the cycle starts all over again. In the United States, approximately two percent of the population is affected by ascariasis. The disease is much more common in other parts of the world. In particular, the disease frequently affects individuals in tropical and developing countries as well as areas with poor sanitation and overcrowding. Children are particularly susceptible to the disease. More than a billion people are affected by ascariasis worldwide.
Symptoms vary greatly from patient to patient. It depends on the severity of the infection and the number of worms present. Symptoms also vary during the parasite's life cycle. In most cases, there are no symptoms present. It also isn't uncommon for patients to remain asymptomatic for long periods of time. When symptoms do occur, they can include worms in stool, coughing up worms, worms exiting through the nose or mouth, loss of appetite, fever, cough, bloody sputum, wheezing, inflammation, enlargement of the liver and/or spleen, toxicity, pneumonia, nutritional deficiency, obstruction of the bowel, obstruction of the bile and/or pancreatic duct, vomiting, shortness of breath, severe stomach and/or abdominal pain, swelling of the abdomen, and skin rash. Children are particularly susceptible to severe complications from ascariasis. This is because their intestines are smaller and the nutritional intake is smaller than that of adults.
Diagnosis usually occurs after a worm is passed in the stool. In other cases, ascariasis is usually suspect when abdominal pain and malnutrition are present. A physical examination, review of the symptoms, and review of medical history are necessary in the diagnosis. Stool samples and other tests looking for the parasite aid in diagnosis. X-rays and blood tests may also aid in the diagnosis of ascariasis. Treatment is aimed at killing the worms by the use of antiparasitic medications. Treatment may vary from patient to patient depending on the severity of the condition. It is usually necessary to perform follow-up tests a few weeks after treatment to make sure the worms have been eradicated from the body. It is also advisable that patients be checked for other parasitic infections. Prognosis is extremely good with treatment. Even without treatment, the condition can resolve on its own.
Ascariasis is an intestinal infection caused by the parasitic roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. The disease affects more than a billion people worldwide. Despite its prevalence, not many people are even aware of the disease. Symptoms vary greatly from patient to patient. Children are particularly susceptible to ascariasis and its severe complications. Treatment is aimed at killing the worms. Prognosis is extremely good with or without treatment.
Ascariasis is an intestinal infection caused by the parasitic roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. Ascaris lumbricoides causes infections in humans after direct or indirect contact with contaminated soil or through ingestion. Infections occur once the fertilized eggs hatch in their host. The larvae then burrow through the intestine, travel to the liver, and finally to the respiratory system. They are eventually reswallowed and mature in the intestine. They can grow to be quite large, sometimes more than a foot in length. In fact, Ascaris lumbricoides is the largest roundworm that affects humans. The worms can live for nearly two years. The female worms produce more than 200,000 eggs per day. Once the fertilized eggs are shed, the cycle starts all over again. In the United States, approximately two percent of the population is affected by ascariasis. The disease is much more common in other parts of the world. In particular, the disease frequently affects individuals in tropical and developing countries as well as areas with poor sanitation and overcrowding. Children are particularly susceptible to the disease. More than a billion people are affected by ascariasis worldwide.
Symptoms vary greatly from patient to patient. It depends on the severity of the infection and the number of worms present. Symptoms also vary during the parasite's life cycle. In most cases, there are no symptoms present. It also isn't uncommon for patients to remain asymptomatic for long periods of time. When symptoms do occur, they can include worms in stool, coughing up worms, worms exiting through the nose or mouth, loss of appetite, fever, cough, bloody sputum, wheezing, inflammation, enlargement of the liver and/or spleen, toxicity, pneumonia, nutritional deficiency, obstruction of the bowel, obstruction of the bile and/or pancreatic duct, vomiting, shortness of breath, severe stomach and/or abdominal pain, swelling of the abdomen, and skin rash. Children are particularly susceptible to severe complications from ascariasis. This is because their intestines are smaller and the nutritional intake is smaller than that of adults.
Diagnosis usually occurs after a worm is passed in the stool. In other cases, ascariasis is usually suspect when abdominal pain and malnutrition are present. A physical examination, review of the symptoms, and review of medical history are necessary in the diagnosis. Stool samples and other tests looking for the parasite aid in diagnosis. X-rays and blood tests may also aid in the diagnosis of ascariasis. Treatment is aimed at killing the worms by the use of antiparasitic medications. Treatment may vary from patient to patient depending on the severity of the condition. It is usually necessary to perform follow-up tests a few weeks after treatment to make sure the worms have been eradicated from the body. It is also advisable that patients be checked for other parasitic infections. Prognosis is extremely good with treatment. Even without treatment, the condition can resolve on its own.
Ascariasis is an intestinal infection caused by the parasitic roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. The disease affects more than a billion people worldwide. Despite its prevalence, not many people are even aware of the disease. Symptoms vary greatly from patient to patient. Children are particularly susceptible to ascariasis and its severe complications. Treatment is aimed at killing the worms. Prognosis is extremely good with or without treatment.
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